英美文学选读.docx
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1、英美文选作者整理:一:Renaissance文艺复兴时期(14世纪-1660)Wyatt,intherenaissanceperiod,introducedthePetrarancesonnetintoEngland,Whilesurreybroughtinblankverse.在文艺复兴时期,怀亚特将1WilliamShakespeareWithhis38plays,54sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.他的38部戏剧,54首十四行诗和2首长诗奠定了他在世界文学中的巨大地位。Thefi
2、rstperiodofShakespearesdramaticcareerwasoneofapprenticeship.莎士比亚戏剧生涯的第一阶段是学徒期。fivehistoryplays:HenryVLPartsLILandIIIzRichardIII,TitusAndronicus;五部历史剧:亨利六世一二三部,理查三世和泰特斯安德洛尼克斯fourcomedies:TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVeronazTheTamingoftheShrewzandLovesLaboursLost,o四部喜剧:错误的喜剧、维罗纳的两位绅士、驯悍记和爱情的失败。t
3、hesecondperiod,ShakespearetSstyleandapproachbecamehighlyindividualized.在第二阶段,莎士比亚的风格和方法变得高度个性化。fivehistories:Richard11,KingJohn,HenryIVPartsIandIIzandHenryV;五部历史:理查二世、约翰国王、亨利四世一二部、亨利五世sixcomedies:AMidsummerNight,sDreamfTheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeitzTwelfthNight,andTheMerryWiVeS
4、ofWindSOr;六部喜剧:仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、无事生非、随你便、第十二夜、温莎的风流娘儿们twotragedies:RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar.还有两个悲剧:罗密欧、朱丽叶和朱利叶斯凯撒。thirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies.莎士比亚的第三阶段包括他最伟大的悲剧和他所谓的黑暗喜剧ThetragediesofthisperiodareHamletzOthello,KingLear;Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra,TroilusandCres
5、sida,andCoriolanus.这一时期的悲剧有哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白、安东尼与克利奥帕特拉、特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达和科里奥兰纳斯ThetwocomediesareAllsWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure.这两部喜剧是皆大欢喜和以牙还牙ThelastperiodofShakespearesworkincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter,sTaleandTheTempest;莎士比亚作品的最后阶段包括他主要的浪漫主义悲喜剧:伯里克利、辛白林、
6、冬天的故事和暴风雨;andhistwofinalplays:HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen.以及他最后两部戏剧亨利八世和两个贵族亲戚。Shakespearesauthenticnon-dramaticpoetryconsistsoftwolongnarrativepoems:VenusandAdonisandTheRapeofLucrecezandhissequenceof54sonnets.莎士比亚真正的非戏剧诗歌包括两首长篇叙事诗:维纳斯与阿多尼斯和卢克蕾斯的强奸,以及他的54首十四行诗序列Sonnets:1-26areaddressedtoayoungman
7、,belovedofthepoetzofsuperiorbeautyandrankbutofsomewhatquestionablemoralsandconstancy1-26是写给一位年轻男子的,这位诗人深爰着他,他有着出众的美貌和地位,但在道德和忠诚方面却有些可疑27-52formalesscoherentgroup.Theyinvolveamistressofthepoetzamysterious,DarkLady/127-52的十四行诗构成了一个不那么连贯的一组。他们涉及到诗人的情妇,一个神秘的黑暗女士Thefinaltwosonnetsaretranslationsoradaptat
8、ionsofsomeversionofaGreekEpigram,andtheyevidentlyrefertothehotspringsatBath后两首十四行诗是某种版本的希腊谚语的翻译或改编,它们显然指的是巴斯的温泉Withthreeexceptions(99z26and54)ShakespearewriteshissonnetsinthepopularEnglishform,firstfullydevelopedbySurrey,ofthreequatrainsandacoupleto除了三个例外(99,26和54),莎士比亚的十四行诗是用流行的英语形式写成的,最初由萨里充分发展,由三
9、个quatrains和一个COUPlet组成。Shakespeareshistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity莎士比亚的历史剧主要是基于这样一个原则:在一个强大而公正的君主统治下,国家统一是必要的。ThefirstandsecondpartsofHenryVIareundoubtedlythemostwidelyreadamonghishistoryplays亨利六世的上下两部无疑是他的历史剧中被广泛阅读的一部Inhisromant
10、iccomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouthfandtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情和青春,浪漫的元素被充分发挥出来ThemostimportantplayamongthecomediesisTheMerchantofVenice,inwhichShakespearehascreatedtension,ambiguity,aself-consciousandself-delightingartificethatis
11、atonceintellectuallyexcitingandemotionallyengaging喜剧中最重要的一部是威尼斯商人,在这部戏剧中,莎士比亚创造了紧张、模糊、自我意识和自娱自乐的技巧,在智力上令人兴奋,在情感上引人入胜TheMerchantofVenice:ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeautyzwitandIoyaltyzandtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandb
12、rutalityoftheJew传统的戏剧主题是赞美安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之间的友谊,将鲍西娅理想化为一个美丽、机智和忠诚的女主人公,揭露犹太人的贪欲和残暴ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Theplayzthoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.成功的浪漫悲剧是罗密欧与朱丽叶,讴歌了爱情的忠贞和追求幸福的精神。这出戏虽然是悲剧,却洋溢着乐观的精神。悲剧特点:
13、:Shakespearesgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,OthellozKingLearzandMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.莎士比亚最伟大的悲剧是:哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王和麦克白2 :Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation每一本书都刻画了一些高尚的英雄,他们
14、面对生命的不公,陷入困境,他们的命运与整个民族的命运密切相关3 :Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:每个英雄都有自己的弱点:Hamlet:themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;哈姆雷特,忧郁的学者王子,面临着行动和思想的两难Othello:innerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;奥赛罗内心的弱点被外在的邪恶力量利用theoldkingLear:isunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshi
15、mselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;老国王李尔王不愿完全放弃他的权力,使自己遭受背叛和不忠Macbeth:lustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.麦克白对权力的欲望激起了他的野心,并导致他不断犯罪Hamlet::thefirstofthegreattragedies,isgenerallyregardedasShakespearesmostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa,blood-and-thunderthrille
16、randaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath伟大的悲剧之一,通常被认为是莎士比亚最受欢迎的舞台戏剧,因为它具有血淋淋的惊悚和对生命和死亡的哲学探索的特质2 :basedonawidespreadlegendinnorthernEurope.takesthebareoutlinesofRevengeTragedy基于北欧的传说。以复仇悲剧的轮廓3 :thetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophi
17、cmelancholy.这部伟大的戏剧的永恒的吸引力在于它的阴谋、情感冲突和探索的哲学忧郁的结合。情节介绍:TheplayopenswithHamletzPrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather,srecentdeathandbyhismother,shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfathersbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather,sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfa
18、therandthentakenoverbothhisfathersthroneandwidow.Thus,Hamletisurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfathers,foulandmostunnaturalmurder.该剧以丹麦王子哈姆雷特开场,他父亲最近去世,母亲与他父亲的弟弟克劳迪斯匆忙再婚,克劳迪斯厌世。在遇到他父亲的鬼魂时,哈姆雷特被告知克劳迪亚斯谋杀了他的父亲,然后接管了他父亲的王位和遗孀。因此,哈姆雷特被鬼魂敦促,为他父亲的肮脏和最不自然的谋杀寻求复仇。哈姆莱特性格特点:ButHamlethasnoneofthesingle-minded
19、bloodlustoftheearlierrevengers.Itisnotbecauseheisincapableofaction,butbecausethecastofhismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative但是哈姆雷特没有早期复仇者那种一心一意的嗜血。这并不是因为他没有行动的能力,而是因为他的思想是如此的思辨,如此的质疑,如此的沉思2 :Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testingandplotting,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tol
20、ivesuspendedbetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction被困在一个充满间谍、测试和阴谋的噩梦世界中,哈姆雷特不得不生活在一个阴影世界里,生活在事实与虚构、语言和行动之间3 :Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger他的生活就是一个不断的角色扮演,审视行动的本质,却又
21、否认其可能性,因为他太老练了,不会把自己的本性降低到一个传统的舞台复仇者的角色独白作用:soliloquyisanaturalmedium,anecessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioningmonologuespossesssurpassingpowerandinsight.Whichhavesurvivedcenturiesofbeingtornfromtheircontext独白自语是一种自然媒介,是他痛苦的必要释放;他的一些质疑独白拥有超越的力量和洞察力。它们已经经历了几个世纪的历史TheTempest,anelaborateand
22、fantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Thecharactersareratherallegoricalandthesubjectfullofsuggestion.暴风雨是一部精心制作的奇幻小说,被认为是他最后的爱情小说中最好的一部。人物具有相当的讽喻性,主题充满暗示atypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.是他晚年对人生和社会悲观态度的一个典型代表对社会现实的批判::Shakespeareisagainstreligiou
23、spersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney莎士比亚反对宗教迫害和种族歧视,反对社会不平等和黄金和货币的腐败影响2 :alimittohissympathyforthedowntrodden,theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromtherealitytoseekcomfortinhisdream.他对受压迫者的同情是有限的。作为一个人文主义者,他唯一能做的事情就是逃离现实,在梦中寻求安慰。3 :
24、hedoesnothesitatetodescribethecrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofthecivilwars,buthedidnotgoallthewayagainstthefeudalrule.他毫不犹豫地描述了内战的残酷和反自然的性质,但他并没有完全反对封建统治。4 :heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminordertoupholdsocialorder他肯定了封建制度对维护社会秩序的重要性人物特点:ShakeSPearesmajorcharactersareindividualsrepresenting
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